JFK Assassination Records - 2017-2018 Additional Documents Release
2017-2018 Additional Documents Release
The National Archives is releasing documents previously withheld in accordance with the JFK Assassination Records Collection Act. The vast majority of the Collection (88%) has been open in full and released to the public since the late 1990s. The records at issue are documents previously identified as assassination records, but withheld in full or withheld in part. Learn more about the process on the JFK Assassination Records Processing Project - 2017 Update web page.
These releases include FBI, CIA, and other agency documents (both formerly withheld in part and formerly withheld in full) identified by the Assassination Records Review Board as assassination records. The releases to date are as follows:
- July 24, 2017: 3,810 documents (read press release)
- October 26, 2017: 2,891 documents (read press release)
- November 3, 2017: 676 documents (read press release)
- November 9, 2017: 13,213 documents (read press release)
- November 17, 2017: 10,744 documents (read press release)
- December 15, 2017: 3,539 documents * (read press release)
- April 26, 2018: 18,731 documents * (read press release)
* Note: There are instances where multiple record identification numbers are associated with the same pdf. This is due to the fact that the files were scanned in batches.
Accessing the Records
The table below displays metadata about all the released documents. You can also download the spreadsheet as an Excel file (4.7MB).
To view or download a specific document, follow the link in the "Doc Date" column. The files are sorted by NARA Release Date, with the most recent files appearing first. The previous withholding status (i.e., formerly withheld in part or formerly withheld in full) is identified in the “Formerly Withheld Status” column.
Row Num | Record Num | NARA Release Date | Formerly Withheld | Agency | Doc Date | Doc Type | File Num | To Name | From Name | Title | Num Pages | Originator | Record Series | Review Date | Comments | Pages Released |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8951 | 104-10177-10248 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | PERSONAL RECORD QUESTIONNAIRE PART II - OPS INFORMATION. | 5 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.10.14:33:59:983092 : | 5 | ||
8952 | 104-10071-10252 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIRECTOR | REQUEST FOR NAME TRACES | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK15 : F16 : 1993.07.31.09:26:14:340032 : | 1 | |
8953 | 104-10187-10212 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | MULTIPLE ADDRESSEES | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE: 1. REQUEST ALL ADDRESSEES CABLE STATION TRACES SOONEST | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-22 : F5 : 1998.06.09.19:52:33:733115 : | 1 |
8954 | 104-10129-10015 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CHIEF, WH DIVISION | CHIEF OF STATION JMWAVE | SECURITY VIOLATION . | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK45 : F16 : 1997.11.06.16:26:16:750108 : | 2 |
8955 | 104-10166-10167 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1966 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | CHESTER B. DAGNILLO | TRANSMITTAL OF PHOTOGRAPHS | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-5 : F19 : 1998.01.24.08:52:20:123108 : | 1 |
8956 | 104-10102-10154 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1977 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | MEMO:VICTOR ESPINOSA HERNANDEZ | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK34 : F19 : 1993.07.20.09:17:35:180530 : | 1 | ||
8957 | 104-10103-10325 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1977 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | VICTOR ESPINOSA HERNANDEZ. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK36 : F32 : 1993.07.22.15:18:31:710410 : | 1 | ||
8958 | 104-10065-10386 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1978 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WASHINGTON | FLEMISH ORDER OF MILITANTS. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK11 : F11 : 1993.07.14.15:40:09:750340 : | 1 |
8959 | 104-10066-10260 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1978 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WASHINGTON | TELEPOUCH:FLEMISH ORDER OF MILITANTS | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK11 : F11 : 1995.01.17.18:08:27:530031 : | 1 |
8960 | 104-10067-10060 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/27/1978 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DDO, DDA, GENERAL COUNSEL | MILLER, LYLE L. ACTING LEGISLATIVE | HSCA - A PROJECTION (KEY QUESTIONS AND TOPICS). | 8 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK12 : F3 : 1993.08.03.08:00:06:210037 : | 8 |
8961 | 104-10173-10145 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1958 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CI/OPERATIONAL APPROVAL & SUPPORT | REQUEST FOR INVESTIGATION AND APPROVAL RE PRISCILLA JOHNSON | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-9 : F11 : 1998.02.21.09:28:20:590109 : | 1 | |
8962 | 104-10167-10191 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE REQUESTING STATION TO ADVISE STATE OFFICER TO MEET CONTACT IN NEW YORK | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-6 : F3 : 1998.02.02.13:38:05:873021 : | 1 |
8963 | 104-10161-10161 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CHIEF, INVESTIGATIVE DIVISION | CHARLES W. KANE | MEMORANDUM OF ASSIGNMENT REGARDING SUBJECT. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK45 : F16 : 1997.11.11.12:21:28:793108 : | 1 |
8964 | 104-10192-10161 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIRECTOR | HAVANA | CABLE RE REORGANIZED STURCTURE MRR. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-27 : F4 : 1998.04.20.17:35:14:623031 : | 2 |
8965 | 104-10226-10010 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1961 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | BELL SIGNAL CENTER | HEADQUARTERS | CABLE RE: LAMENTAMOS NOTICIAS PENOSAS QUE NOS MANDAN DE NUESTROS | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-61 : F4 : 20040316-1058740 : | 1 |
8966 | 104-10170-10080 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CHIEF OF STATION, JMWAVE | CHIEF, WH DIVISION | OPERATIONAL/ACTIVITIES OF AMBARB-90 | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-25 : F25 : 1998.02.07.12:42:07:263109 : | 1 |
8967 | 104-10183-10293 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | FI/D | RESPONSE FROM FI/D ON NAME TRACE | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F10 : 1998.04.15.20:06:39:466115 : | 1 |
8968 | 104-10071-10272 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIRECTOR | MEXICO CITY | CABLE: ARRIVAL OF ALFREDO MIRABAL-DIAZ, CUBAN CONSUL, IN MEXICO CITY | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK15 : F16 : 1993.07.31.09:40:55:310032 : | 2 |
8969 | 104-10183-10446 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | MFR | WH/C/FI | MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD: SUBJECT MEETING WITH AMWHIP/1, NEW YORK CITY, 28 APRIL 1965 | 10 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F5 : 20040304-1054960 : | 10 |
8970 | 104-10166-10233 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CHIEF WH | CHIEF OF STATION | DISPATCH-GEORGE DE MOHRENSCHILDT RECEIVED TELEGRAM FROM NEW YORK DATED 26 APRIL 1965. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-5 : F17 : 1998.01.27.15:52:21:530107 : | 1 |
8971 | 104-10166-10234 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CHIEF WH | WITHHELD | LETTERS RECEIVED IN CARE OF AMERICAN EMBASSY. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-5 : F17 : 1998.01.27.15:54:20:106107 : | 2 |
8972 | 104-10169-10057 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | JMWAVE | WH/COG/CICS | FERNANDO A. VAN RIEGERSBERG, FSR-3 | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-7 : F23 : 20040302-1052395 : | 1 |
8973 | 104-10178-10102 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WITHHELD | CABLE - ON 28 APRIL DOCTOR KLAUS STEER, GERMAN DIRECTOR SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT AFFRICA. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-14 : F21 : 1998.03.07.10:18:57:090108 : | 1 |
8974 | 104-10178-10103 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WITHHELD | CABLE - IF HQS APPROVES, WILL HAVE EMBASSY INQUIRE OF WILDER COMPANY DETAILS AS TO NATIONALITY. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-14 : F21 : 1998.03.07.10:23:54:763108 : | 1 |
8975 | 104-10178-10106 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE- CONCUR REF PROPOSAL. PLEASE ADVISE RESULT & INCLUDE FULL IDENTIFYING DATA FOR FURTHER TRACES SUBJECT WITH LNERGO. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-14 : F21 : 1998.03.07.10:34:55:606108 : | 1 |
8976 | 104-10071-10382 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CIA | OBER, RICHARD, CIA | CABLE. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK15 : F37 : 1993.07.31.11:23:11:280063 : JAMES EARL RAY AKA GALT. | 1 |
8977 | 104-10073-10045 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIRECTOR | WITHHELD | INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES OF IRVING DAVIDSON. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK16 : F16 : 1993.07.15.14:56:00:620280 : | 2 |
8978 | 104-10217-10134 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CHIEF, WESTERN HEMISPHERE DIVISION | CHIEF OF STATION, WH MIAMI | DISPATCH: SUBJECT - TRANSMITTAL OF REPORT | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-52 : F13 : 1998.05.03.16:26:14:200115 : | 1 |
8979 | 104-10217-10139 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIRECTOR | WH/MIAMI | CABLE RE: ON 25 APRIL 1971 AMSIGH-2 MET WITH AMECRU-1 IN THE LATTER'S HOME. | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-52 : F13 : 20040315-1058060 : | 3 |
8980 | 104-10059-10210 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1975 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | BELIN, DAVID W., CIA ACT COMMISSION | KNOCHE, E.H., ASST TO DCI | LETTER/MEMO RE GENESIS OF PROJECT | 6 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK8 : F26 : 1993.07.09.10:23:42:250470 : | 6 |
8981 | 104-10061-10168 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/28/1978 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DDO/ISS/IP/EIS | CCS | HSCA REQUEST | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK9 : F64 : 1993.07.12.10:59:25:210530 : | 1 |
8982 | 104-10178-10069 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1959 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIRECTOR | WITHHELD | CABLE-SUBJ OLLA 470 TOLD QJBANNER 1 HE RECENTLY INVITED BY FRENCH NATIONAL FNU DELACOURT JOIN RING. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-14 : F15 : 20040303-1053586 : | 1 |
8983 | 104-10178-10070 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1959 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE-WORKING ON ARRANGEMENTS BRING IN NARCOTICS BUREAU. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-14 : F15 : 20040303-1053601 : | 1 |
8984 | 104-10219-10419 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1961 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WAVE INTO BELL | MEXICO CITY | CABLE: LITAMIL-2 SCHEDULED TRAVEL MIAMI 29 APRIL. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-54 : F17 : 20040315-1058317 : | 1 |
8985 | 104-10162-10129 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1963 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | YEAGLEY, J. WALTER, ASST AG, DOJ | HOUSTON, LAWRENCE, GENERAL COUNSEL | INFO ON SANTIAGO ALVAREZ RODRIGUEZ, THAT HAD BEEN REQUESTED. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-1 : F7 : 1997.12.09.12:52:56:280092 : | 2 |
8986 | 104-10113-10011 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1963 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DUNN, L.J. | MEMO: GEORGE DEMOHRENSCHILDT, APRIL 1963 | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK41 : F15 : 1993.07.24.06:55:39:810410 : | 1 | |
8987 | 104-10164-10036 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | REPORT FROM A SEAMAN ABOUT THE BLOCKS LIVING IN ODESSA. | 7 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-3 : F13 : 20040301-1051774 : | 7 | |
8988 | 104-10051-10202 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | RANKIN, J. LEE, GENERAL COUNSEL | HOLMS, RICHARD, DEP DIRECTOR, PLANS | PHOTOGRAPH OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD. | 10 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK5 : F21 : 1993.07.02.18:06:31:810400 : ATTACHMENT B PHOTOS FOUND AMONG THE EFFECTS OF OSWALD AND BEAR FBI NUMBER D-33 #16 AND 30 | 10 |
8989 | 104-10003-10210 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 201-289248 | ITEM PREPARED FOR WC BY SR/CI/RESEARCH ENTITLED "PHOTO OF OSWALD IN MINSK." | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | OSW9 : V35B : 1993.06.14.17:23:11:560000 : A "PREVIOUSLY SANITIZED" VERSION OF THIS DOC. (NOT BY HRG) WAS RIF UNDER 104-10003-10219 | 1 | ||
8990 | 104-10519-10157 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIR | LIMA | CABLE: LIMA STATION PRESENTLY UNABLE USE RUMBLE-2 BELIEVE | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F29 : 20040329-1067281 : | 1 |
8991 | 104-10310-10008 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | CIA-DDP FILES | CHIEF, U.S. SECRET SERVICE | DD/P | MEMORANDUM: INFORMATION COLLATION BY COMPUTER | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK-M-07 : F1 : 1998.09.21.08:50:10:233120 : ARRB REQUEST.CIA-IR-34. | 2 |
8992 | 104-10071-10416 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | CIA | CIA | CABLE. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK15 : F37 : 1993.07.31.12:01:42:810063 : | 2 |
8993 | 104-10072-10314 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WITHHELD | DISPATCH:DISTURBING IMPACT OF KING ASSASSINATION ON AMERICAN NEGRO COMMUNITY IN PARIS | 4 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK15 : F3 : 1995.09.01.14:03:29:940075 : | 4 |
8994 | 104-10110-10732 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | SECURITY VIOLATION REPORT FOR DAVID L. CHRIST. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK40 : F25B : 1998.03.07.13:05:12:293031 : | 1 | ||
8995 | 104-10129-10097 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE DEATH BENEFITS FOR MRS. CURTIS. | 8 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK45 : F26 : 1997.11.08.08:31:21:233031 : | 8 | |
8996 | 104-10217-10138 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WH/MIAMI | WITHHELD | CABLE RE: STATION UNABLE DECYPHER REF A MESSAGE | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-52 : F13 : 1998.05.03.16:46:07:750115 : | 1 |
8997 | 104-10181-10177 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1977 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | FBI | DIRECTOR | RESPONSE TO FBI REQUEST CONCERNING VECIANA'S RELATIONSHIP WITH CIA. | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-17 : F17 : 20040304-1054699 : | 3 |
8998 | 104-10103-10171 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/29/1977 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | RESPONSE TO FBI VERBAL REQUEST CONCERNING VECIANA'S RELATIONSHIP WITH CIA | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK36 : F29 : 1993.07.22.09:39:09:870530 : | 3 | ||
8999 | 104-10124-10332 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/30/1948 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | SB/OSO/CIA | PD/OSO/CIA | JAMES W. MOORE (CHANGE OF LOCATION). | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK44 : F20 : 1994.04.22.08:05:29:380007 : | 1 |
9000 | 104-10167-10443 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/30/1962 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | ISR LOG FOR DIAZ-LANZ, PEDRO LUIS | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-6 : F13 : 1998.02.05.19:11:17:000115 : | 1 |
Bulk Download of PDF and WAV files
You can access individual files by browsing the webpage above and selecting the link in the "Doc Date" column. You may also download the Excel spreadsheet above, which includes links to all of the files. If you need copies of all PDF and WAV files, you can request a compressed bulk download by emailing bulkdownload@nara.gov with “JFK Bulk Download” in the subject line.
Other Releases
Recent record releases are linked below (see agency postponement documentation for more information).
Frequently Asked Questions and Additional Resources
Contact Us
Reference Inquiries
Email: inquire@nara.gov
Media Inquiries
Email: public.affairs@nara.gov
The National Archives is conducting a review of all web pages related to The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection. The information contained on these pages may be out of date and will be updated as needed.