JFK Assassination Records - 2017-2018 Additional Documents Release
2017-2018 Additional Documents Release
The National Archives is releasing documents previously withheld in accordance with the JFK Assassination Records Collection Act. The vast majority of the Collection (88%) has been open in full and released to the public since the late 1990s. The records at issue are documents previously identified as assassination records, but withheld in full or withheld in part. Learn more about the process on the JFK Assassination Records Processing Project - 2017 Update web page.
These releases include FBI, CIA, and other agency documents (both formerly withheld in part and formerly withheld in full) identified by the Assassination Records Review Board as assassination records. The releases to date are as follows:
- July 24, 2017: 3,810 documents (read press release)
- October 26, 2017: 2,891 documents (read press release)
- November 3, 2017: 676 documents (read press release)
- November 9, 2017: 13,213 documents (read press release)
- November 17, 2017: 10,744 documents (read press release)
- December 15, 2017: 3,539 documents * (read press release)
- April 26, 2018: 18,731 documents * (read press release)
* Note: There are instances where multiple record identification numbers are associated with the same pdf. This is due to the fact that the files were scanned in batches.
Accessing the Records
The table below displays metadata about all the released documents. You can also download the spreadsheet as an Excel file (4.7MB).
To view or download a specific document, follow the link in the "Doc Date" column. The files are sorted by NARA Release Date, with the most recent files appearing first. The previous withholding status (i.e., formerly withheld in part or formerly withheld in full) is identified in the “Formerly Withheld Status” column.
JFK Table
| Row Num | Record Num | NARA Release Date | Formerly Withheld | Agency | Doc Date | Doc Type | File Num | To Name | From Name | Title | Num Pages | Originator | Record Series | Review Date | Comments | Pages Released |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1601 | 104-10219-10173 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 01/01/1974 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: REGARDING JOSEPH RAYMOND MEROLA | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-54 : F19 : 20040315-1058314 : | 3 |
| 1602 | 104-10219-10424 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 10/29/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | MEXICO CITY | CABLE:LITAMIL-1 IMPORTANT CUBAN CONTACT MEXI VERY MUCH DISTURBED | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-54 : F17 : 20040315-1058322 : | 1 |
| 1603 | 104-10220-10019 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 06/29/1970 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | NAMES LISTED PARA 3 REF A BONA FIDE. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F7 : 20040316-1058566 : | 1 |
| 1604 | 104-10220-10034 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 03/12/1969 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE: FOR RECORD ON NAGELL PLEASE ADVISE US IF HE AIRED GRIEVANCES ON RADIO/TV AS THREATENED | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F7 : 1998.05.02.15:09:11:090115 : | 1 |
| 1605 | 104-10220-10035 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 03/05/1969 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE: INFO REF A PASSED LNERGO 28 FEBRUARY 1969. NO INFO SUBJECT'S | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F7 : 1998.05.02.15:12:30:670115 : | 1 |
| 1606 | 104-10220-10039 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 06/07/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE: RICHARD CASE NAGELL, AKA JOE CRAMER, JOE KRANE, ROBERT C. NOLAN | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F7 : 20040316-1058571 : | 1 |
| 1607 | 104-10220-10096 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 10/09/1963 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE- HQS INTERESTED REF ACTIVITIES, WOULD WELCOME COVERAGE, OTHER INTEL PRIORITIES PERMITTING. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F21 : 1998.05.15.16:14:42:700108 : | 1 |
| 1608 | 104-10220-10097 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 01/01/0000 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE- EX-PRESIDEN SOMOZA OF NICARAGUA LEAVES MANA 29 SEPT. | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F21 : 1998.05.15.16:18:58:576108 : | 3 |
| 1609 | 104-10220-10115 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 03/23/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: RE PONCHAY TELEPHONE CALL | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F13 : 1998.05.18.14:15:40:560120 : | 1 |
| 1610 | 104-10220-10140 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 08/23/1974 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE- HQS ATTEMPTING TO LOCATE FOR DEBRIEFING ON GONZALEZ. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F29 : 20040316-1058587 : | 1 |
| 1611 | 104-10220-10190 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 12/10/1962 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | CHIEF, CI/OA | REQUEST FOR INFORMATION AND REVIEW ON PEDRO RUIZ QUINTERO. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F29 : 1998.06.14.12:51:03:686108 : | 1 |
| 1612 | 104-10220-10203 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 10/22/1962 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | CHIEF, CI/OA | REQUEST FOR INFORMATION AND REVIEW ON PEDRO RUIZ QUINTERO. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F29 : 1998.06.14.13:13:43:576108 : | 1 |
| 1613 | 104-10220-10234 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/20/1962 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | FI/D | FORM: FI/D HAS NO INFORMATION ON SUBJECT. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F29 : 1998.06.14.20:21:45:513102 : | 1 |
| 1614 | 104-10229-10435 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 09/29/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | GORDON D. SMITH. VOCAT. REHAB. | WITHHELD | 1 | PRIVATE | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-64 : F7 : 1998.10.22.16:30:52:170108 : FORMERLY UNIT INDEX: BOARD DETERMINATION DOC 104-10229-10092. | 1 |
| 1615 | 104-10263-10046 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 06/09/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: HQS ALREADY IN RECEIPT ESPINOSA ALLEGATIONS | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-7 : F12 : 1998.07.15.14:35:36:810128 : | 1 |
| 1616 | 104-10265-10016 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 02/19/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: DIRECTORATE COMPOSED OF OSCAR ECHEVARRIA Y SALVAT, | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F23A : 1998.08.07.06:07:30:140129 : | 1 |
| 1617 | 104-10265-10029 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 01/22/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | SEE DOSIER ON SUBJECT IN FI/D BIOGRAPHIC FILES | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-55 : F23 : 1998.08.07.08:30:35:653129 : | 1 | |
| 1618 | 104-10290-10069 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 12/05/1963 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIR | WITHHELD | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-47 : F3A : 20040322-1061731 : | 1 |
| 1619 | 104-10221-10290 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/23/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE-PLEASE SFF STATE CABLE 270468 DATED 22 NOVEMBER FOR GOOD SUMMARY OF FBI INO ON FIORINIAND OTHERS. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-56 : F17 : 1999.03.21.07:34:12:310107 : | 1 |
| 1620 | 104-10221-10293 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 10/23/1968 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | MEXICO CITY | CABLE-REF CABLES PROBABLY REFER TO SAME EXPEDITION. | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-56 : F17 : 20040316-1058672 : | 3 |
| 1621 | 104-10225-10022 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/04/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE:IN VIEW FACT AMMUG-1'S ORIGINALLY LIMITED INFOR ABOUT DGI | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 1998.04.18.11:03:02:153107 : | 1 |
| 1622 | 104-10225-10025 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 09/29/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE:REFERENCE IS TO AMMUG-1, FORMER DGI OFFICER WHO | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 1998.04.18.11:11:23:140107 : | 1 |
| 1623 | 104-10225-10026 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/24/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE:AMMUG-1 TRAVELING AS PUERTO RICAN HECTOR RAUL ANDRADE | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 1998.04.18.11:13:35:466107 : | 1 |
| 1624 | 104-10225-10028 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 04/24/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE:IDEN:VLADIMIR RODRIGUEZ LAHERE | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 1998.04.18.11:16:52:780107 : | 1 |
| 1625 | 104-10225-10031 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 03/21/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE:AMMUG/1 STATES------- REF A HAD APPROX 3 MONTHS | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 1998.04.18.11:25:32:200107 : | 2 |
| 1626 | 104-10225-10038 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 12/03/1966 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE:AMMUG-1 AVAILABLE DURING PERIOD 10-20 DECEMBER. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 1998.04.18.11:42:04:890107 : | 2 |
| 1627 | 104-10225-10051 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 09/16/1966 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE:AMMUG-1 SERVICES NOW AVAILABLE | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 1998.04.18.12:12:00:326107 : | 1 |
| 1628 | 104-10225-10057 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 08/11/1966 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: HEADQUARTERS ENDORSES | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-60 : F7 : 20040316-1058700 : | 2 |
| 1629 | 104-10226-10194 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 12/10/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | JMWAVE | CABLE: POUCHING COPY 201 SUBJECTS REF. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-61 : F9 : 1998.09.23.06:30:34:750128 : | 1 |
| 1630 | 104-10226-10195 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/16/1964 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | COS, JMWAVE | DISPATCH: AMSCROLL MAILING THROUGH LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-61 : F9 : 1998.09.23.06:31:54:640128 : | 1 |
| 1631 | 104-10247-10099 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 02/12/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE PERSONAL LOANS & FINANCES OF AMLASH-1 AND AMWHIP-1. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F5 : 20040318-1060399 : | 1 |
| 1632 | 104-10247-10111 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 02/02/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE WHEREABOUTS OF AMWHIP/1. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F5 : 1998.06.20.13:46:41:780031 : | 1 |
| 1633 | 104-10247-10114 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 01/26/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE TRAVEL PLANS OF NESTOR SANCHEZ AND AMWHIP-1. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F5 : 1998.06.20.13:50:48:856031 : | 1 |
| 1634 | 104-10247-10116 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 01/19/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE AMWHIP/1 TRAVEL PLANS. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F5 : 1998.06.20.13:54:20:686031 : PAGE COUNT ADJUSTED TO 2 VICE 1 TO ATTACH IDEN CABLE, DIR 78866. (DIR 78866 PREVIOUSLY INDEXED AS 104-10247-10117, WHICH NO LONGER EXISTS IN THE JFK | 2 |
| 1635 | 104-10247-10122 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 01/09/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE RE AMWHIP/1. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F5 : 1998.06.20.14:02:23:950031 : | 1 |
| 1636 | 104-10247-10434 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 05/11/1969 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: ON 7 MAY WODISH HQS INFORMED THEY HAD REPORT FROM | 4 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK64-19 : F2 : 20040318-1060412 : | 4 |
| 1637 | 104-10255-10184 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 03/24/1965 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | REQUEST THAT DRIVERS LICENSE BE RENEWED. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK45 : F17 : 1997.11.16.09:26:29:530108 : | 1 | |
| 1638 | 104-10255-10185 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 07/20/1962 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF SECURITY | WITHHELD | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK45 : F17 : 20040322-1061507 : | 1 |
| 1639 | 104-10255-10231 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 07/21/1966 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: REF B STATES RUIZ DEPARTED PARIS FOR PRAGUE. | 1 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK45 : F19 : 20040322-1061508 : | 1 |
| 1640 | 104-10256-10020 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/12/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WITHHELD | MITCHELL A. WERBELL, MILITARY ARMAMENT CORPORATION BACK IN BANGKOK ATTEMPING TO SELL HIS WARES. | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK46 : F20 : 1997.11.29.07:48:52:483107 : | 3 |
| 1641 | 104-10256-10068 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/12/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WITHHELD | MITCHELL WERBELL, MILITARY ARMAMENT CORPORATION ATTEMPTING TO SELL MACHINE PISTOLS AND SNIPER RIFLES. | 3 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK46 : F20 : 1997.11.30.08:10:12:623107 : | 3 |
| 1642 | 104-10256-10187 | 11/09/2017 | In Part | CIA | 12/18/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | LAURENCE G. PARR | MFR: RETIREMENT MEDALLION. | 2 | CIA | JFK | 11/09/2017 | JFK46 : F7 : 1997.12.14.16:01:41:840102 : | 2 |
| 1643 | 104-10012-10129 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 10/15/1969 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 201-289248 | WITHHELD | NONE | SUBSCRIBERS IN U.S. TO "GRANMA" | CIA | JFK | 06/06/2017 | OSW16 : V56 : 20031201-1018433 : | ||
| 1644 | 104-10014-10016 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 07/10/1967 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 201-289248 | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR FEDERAL DE SEGURIDAD | REPORT ATTACHED ON OSCAR CONTRERAS. | CIA | JFK | 06/06/2017 | OSW17 : V5 : 1993.06.29.16:28:44:960240 : | ||
| 1645 | 104-10185-10070 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/03/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE- REF REQUESTED INFO. SCHWELER MEISENWERE, MUELLER AND COMPANY NOT MENTIONED. | CIA | JFK | 06/15/2017 | JFK64-20 : F13 : 1998.04.04.11:04:36:686108 : | ||
| 1646 | 104-10185-10073 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/03/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE- SORRY UNABLE LOCATE DOCUMENT, NO TRACES FIRM MENTIONED REF. | CIA | JFK | 06/24/2017 | JFK64-20 : F13 : 1998.04.04.11:16:11:780108 : | ||
| 1647 | 104-10185-10075 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 11/02/1960 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE- ALTMAN MET MANKEL ON 2 NOV. | CIA | JFK | 06/24/2017 | JFK64-20 : F13 : 1998.04.04.11:23:57:013108 : | ||
| 1648 | 104-10209-10044 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 07/02/1969 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | WITHHELD | DISPATCH: TRANSMITTED UNDER SEPARATE COVER (ATTACHMENT A) ARE LISTS OF HIRES AND TERMINATIONS OF PERSONNEL. | CIA | JFK | 06/22/2017 | JFK64-44 : F8 : 1999.02.24.11:30:01:106128 : | ||
| 1649 | 104-10217-10126 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 08/20/1971 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | SUBJECT NOTIFIED YEVON $68,450.00 RECEIVED REF ACCOUNT 20 AUGUST. | CIA | JFK | 06/22/2017 | JFK64-52 : F13 : 1998.05.03.14:04:09:576102 : | ||
| 1650 | 104-10218-10303 | 07/24/2017 | In Part | CIA | 06/01/1978 [PDF] | PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT | 80T01357A | WITHHELD | DIRECTOR | CABLE: GREATLY APPRECIATE REF REPORT RE ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT | CIA | JFK | 06/22/2017 | JFK64-53 : F2 : 1999.03.04.09:34:39:950129 : |
Bulk Download of PDF and WAV files
You can access individual files by browsing the webpage above and selecting the link in the "Doc Date" column. You may also download the Excel spreadsheet above, which includes links to all of the files. If you need copies of all PDF and WAV files, you can request a compressed bulk download by emailing bulkdownload@nara.gov with “JFK Bulk Download” in the subject line.
Other Releases
Recent record releases are linked below (see agency postponement documentation for more information).
Frequently Asked Questions and Additional Resources
Contact Us
Reference Inquiries
Email: inquire@nara.gov
Media Inquiries
Email: public.affairs@nara.gov
The National Archives is conducting a review of all web pages related to The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection. The information contained on these pages may be out of date and will be updated as needed.